Mawallafi: Lokacin Buga Huang: 20-03-2026 Asalin: Shafin
Idan kuna shirin ko haɓaka hasken yanar gizo, mafi wahala sau da yawa ba shine zaɓin luminaires ba - yana zabar tsarin kulawa wanda a zahiri zai yi aiki a waje, zama abin dogaro a cikin yanayi, da haɗuwa da lamba. Wannan jagorar yana ba ku hanya mai sauri, mai amfani zuwa zaɓi mai kyau. Za mu yi taswirar al'amuran gama gari- titunan birni da filin ajiye motoci, wuraren karatu da yadudduka, facade na gine-gine, da wuraren zama / wuraren waha-zuwa iyalai masu kulawa waɗanda suka dace: 0-10V/1-10V, DALI‑2/D4i, DMX512‑A, PWM, yanke-tsalle, da na zamani mara waya ta Zigbee.
Babban niyya: taimaka muku zaɓi da aiwatar da sarrafa hasken waje mai wayo wanda ke daidaita iyawa, farashi, aminci, da yarda. Babu tallan tallace-tallace-kamar yadda sassan suka dace tare.
Teburin da ke ƙasa yana daidaita yanayin yanayin waje na yau da kullun tare da iyalai masu kulawa da shawarar da 'me yasa.' Yi amfani da shi azaman tacewa ta farko, sannan tsalle zuwa sashin da ya dace don haɗa waya, firikwensin, da ƙayyadaddun ƙaddamarwa.
| Halin yanayi | Iyalin kulawa da aka ba da shawarar | Me ya sa ya dace | Watch-outs |
Titunan birni da manyan wuraren ajiye motoci |
DALI‑2/D4i bas mai wayo (ANSI C136.41) ko nodes na Zhaga-D4i; 0-10V mai sauƙi don tsarin kasafin kuɗi |
Maganganun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai, telemetry don kiyayewa, musanyawa na tushen hoto/kumburi |
Mutuncin bas, jawabi/aiwatarwa, matakan kariya masu yawa |
Yadudduka da masana'antu yadudduka |
DALI-2/D4i don kula da yanki / rukuni; haxa da 0–10V inda ba a buƙatar amsawa |
Ƙungiya mai sassauƙa da bincike a cikin sanduna da gine-gine da yawa |
Ƙarfafawa / haɗin kai, ayyukan wayoyi na dogon lokaci, ragi na bayan sa'o'i |
Facade na gine-gine da tasirin launi |
DMX512-A |
Madaidaicin launi na tashoshi da yawa da sarrafa tasiri |
RS-485 cabling / ƙarewa; hana yanayi; warewa/maimaitawa |
Wuraren zama, wuraren waha, facades (sake gyarawa) |
Mataki-yanke/TRIAC idan an tantance direbobi; in ba haka ba 0-10V; don abubuwan app/murya yi amfani da Zigbee ko Thread/Matter |
Karamin sakewa; saba dimmers; al'amuran kaifin baki ba tare da hadaddun bangarori ba |
Daidaitawar direba / flicker; Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga na waje; raga ɗaukar hoto |
Ƙananan shimfidar wutar lantarki da tsiri (12-24 VDC) |
PWM masu kula da direbobi |
Sauƙaƙan sarrafa haske don tsiri da tafiyar shimfidar wuri |
PWM mai girma-girma don rage abubuwan da ake iya gani; Rukunin ma'auni na IP |
Yi amfani da wannan sashe azaman ƙirar tunani mai sauri. Sannan tsalle zuwa scenario surori don wayoyi, na'urori masu auna firikwensin, da bayanan ƙaddamarwa.
0-10V na iya dushewa zuwa ƙananan matakan haske (sau da yawa 'dim-zuwa-duhu,' direba-dogara), yayin da 1-10V yawanci yana riƙe da mafi ƙarancin ~10%. A waje, dogayen gudu na kebul da hayaniyar lantarki na iya dagula iko mara ƙarfi, don haka tsabtace wayoyi da abubuwan kariya.
Don ingantaccen ɗabi'a da firikwensin waya, duba Smarts Electronics' menene canje-canje tsakanin 0-10V, 1-10V, da 10V PWM dimming.
DALI-2 yana ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar dillalai da yawa kuma yana daidaita na'urorin shigarwa. D4i yana ƙara bayanan intra-luminaire da wutar lantarki don haka kayan aiki zasu iya raba amfani da makamashi, matsayi, da bincike kuma suna iya kunna na'urori masu auna firikwensin/masu sarrafawa-mai amfani don kiyayewa waje.
Ƙungiyar DALI ta taƙaita waɗannan iyawar a cikin DALI a kallo.
Don facades da tasirin launi, DMX512-A shine tsoho saboda yana ba da madaidaicin sarrafa tashoshi da yawa. Yana tafiya akan RS-485, dole ne ya kasance mai sarkar daisy-chained (babu taurari), yana amfani da kebul 120 Ω, kuma yana buƙatar tasha 120 Ω a na'urar ta ƙarshe.
Don amfani da wayoyi, duba eldoLED's Yadda ake waya da tsarin DMX da ESTA/USITT's fihirisar takardu da aka buga.
Masu kula da PWM sun bambanta zagayowar kunnawa/kashe aiki don saita haske, kuma sun kasance gama gari don shimfidar wuri na 12/24 V da tsiri. A waje, masu zanen kaya sukan fi son PWM mafi girma-mita don rage abubuwan da ake iya gani da kuma haɗar kamara-amma yakamata ku tabbatar da flicker tare da kayan aiki akan rukunin yanar gizo.
Yanke-tsayi ko TRIAC dimming na iya zama da amfani a cikin sake fasalin mazaunin lokacin da kuke buƙatar ci gaba da wayoyi na wutar lantarki da ke wanzuwa da dimmers na bango. Daidaituwa ya dogara gaba ɗaya akan direba; yawancin kayan aiki na waje sun fi son 0-10V ko DALI don guje wa flicker, don haka tabbatar da ƙimar direba kafin tantancewa.
Rashin gazawar kula da waje ba safai ya zo daga zaɓin yarjejeniya kaɗai ba. Sun fito ne daga ruwa, sauye-sauye, aikin wayoyi mara kyau, da ƙaddamar da aikin da bai cika ba. Yi amfani da wuraren binciken da ke ƙasa azaman tushen ku.
Zaɓa kayan aiki, direbobi, da shinge tare da ƙimar da suka dace—IP65-IP66 tushe gama gari ne don fitilolin sandal da akwatunan haɗin gwiwa a cikin wuraren da aka fallasa. Kiyaye masu sarrafa ƙananan wutar lantarki keɓance daga na'urori don rage tsangwama; DMX da analog 0-10V duka sun fi farin ciki lokacin da kuka guje wa dogon layi na layi tare da iko.
Idan kuna tura DMX a waje, eldoLED's Yadda ake waya da tsarin DMX ya haɗa da rarrabuwa mai amfani da jagorar wayoyi.
Walƙiya da grid masu wucewa suna azabtar da LEDs na waje. Yawancin iyalai na waje suna ba da 10 kV/10 kA na'urorin kariya masu tasowa a matsayin daidaitattun, tare da zaɓuɓɓuka don 20 kV/10 kA a cikin wurare masu zafi. Bayanin Signify yana nuna ƙimar SPD na yau da kullun kuma inda za'a iya ƙara SPDs na waje: Philips surge kariya na'urorin don waje LED tsarin.
Don titin titi da fitilolin yanki, ANSI C136.41 7-pin murɗaɗɗen maƙallan kulle suna ƙara ƙaramar siginar siginar don haka zaku iya haɗa masu sarrafa hoto ko nodes na hanyar sadarwa. Haɗin TE yana taƙaita tsammanin injiniya da lantarki a cikin sa LUMAWISE Endurance N dimming receptacle datasheet.
Ƙarƙashin hasken wutan lantarki sau da yawa suna amfani da ƙirar Zhaga Book 18; Bayanin Zhaga ya bayyana yadda Littafin 18 da Zhaga-D4i ke tallafawa na'urorin toshe-da-wasa: Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa.
Yawancin masana'antun suna ba da fitilun fitilu na waje na IP66 da kuma rufe manyan-bays masu dacewa da wurare masu tsauri. Don saurin bincike na gani akan shinge gama gari da hanyoyin rufewa, zaku iya nema KEOU Lighting's IP66 ambaliya . Kula da shafukan samfuri azaman mafari don salon shinge-sannan tabbatar da mu'amalar sarrafawa da ƙarin ƙayyadaddun bayanai a cikin takaddun direba.
A yawancin hukunce-hukuncen Amurka, dole ne a kashe hasken kasuwanci na waje idan akwai hasken rana (sau da yawa ta hanyar photocells) kuma a rage fitarwa bayan rashin aiki a wasu yankuna (kamar filin ajiye motoci). Don mahallin, duba ASHRE's Canje-canjen haske a cikin ASHRAE/IES 90.1-2022 da DOE's IECC 2021 bayanin tanadin kasuwanci , sannan tabbatar da bugu na gida.
Lokacin da kuke haskaka hanyoyin titi da manyan filayen ajiye motoci, tambayoyi biyu sun mamaye: shin za ku iya sa ido kan kayan aiki daban-daban, kuma za ku iya yi musu hidima da kyau? Shi ya sa DALI-2 tare da direbobin D4i ke da kuzari a waje. Kowane fitila ya zama kadari da za a iya magana da shi wanda zai iya ba da rahoton amfani da makamashi, direba da matsayin tushen haske, da lokacin aiki, wanda ke ciyar da ayyukan kulawa. Ƙungiyar DALI ta yi bayanin bayanan D4i da samar da wutar lantarki a cikin DALI a kallo.
A kan sanduna, ma'auni na ANSI C136.41 7-pin sau da yawa yana ɗaukar nauyin hoto ko kumburin hanyar sadarwa wanda ke haɗa yanayin yanayin DALI ko D4i zuwa kan gaba. Ƙarƙashin hasken wuta, Zhaga Book 18 soket ɗin yana ba da damar ƙarami, firikwensin maye gurbin da na'urorin sadarwa.
Yi amfani da jadawali na sararin samaniya don ginshiƙan tushe da za a iya tsinkaya da ƙwayoyin hoto don takamaiman martanin hasken rana. Don yanke makamashi na bayan sa'o'i da aminci, jin motsin motsi (PIR ko microwave) don sauka da fadowa kan ganowa - an daidaita shi zuwa iyakokin lambar gida.
Ƙayyade SPDs (sau da yawa 10 kV/10 kA mafi ƙanƙanta; yi la'akari da 20 kV/10 kA a cikin guguwa-nauyi ko fallasa grid mai amfani), bi kyakkyawan tsarin ƙasa da aikin haɗin gwiwa, da keɓance ikon ƙarancin wutar lantarki daga mains don kiyaye bas shiru.
Idan kasafin kuɗi yana da ƙarfi kuma kawai kuna buƙatar tsarin yanki (ba amsawar daidaitaccen bayani ba), 0-10V na analog na iya aiki-kawai ku kula da raguwar ƙarfin lantarki, garkuwa, da mafi ƙarancin hali a cikin dogon gudu.
Wuraren harabar sun haɗu wuraren ajiye motoci, hanyoyin tafiya, docks, da kuma wuraren lodi. DALI-2 da D4i na iya samar da daidaitaccen kashin baya don haɗawa da sarrafa wurin a gefuna na gini da kuɗaɗen waje, yayin da har yanzu suna ba ku matakan tantancewa. Inda ba a buƙatar amsawa, zaku iya haɗawa a cikin yankuna 0-10V don kiyaye daidaiton farashin gine-gine.
Yi amfani da DALI inda kuke buƙatar haɗawa, fage, da bincike a cikin gyare-gyare da yawa. Yi amfani da 0 – 10V inda kuke aiwatarwa yadda ya kamata 'Dintarwa ta yanki' kuma ba kwa buƙatar kowane matsayi.
Shirya yin magana ta yanki, yiwa akwatunan mahaɗaɗɗen lakabi tare da sassan bas, da tabbatar da amincin bas kafin ku rufe shingen. Don dubawa, daftarin hasken rana da saitunan raguwa bayan sa'o'i; Zane-zanen DOE's IECC da takaitattun bayanan ASHRAE suna ba da mahallin babban matakin don tsammanin sarrafawa na waje.
Don otal-otal, wuraren al'adu, da bangon fasali, kuna buƙatar faɗuwar launi mai santsi, daidaitaccen hadawar tashoshi, da wuraren maimaitawa. Saukewa: DMX512-A.
Bi da DMX kamar kowane tsarin RS-485: yi amfani da kebul na DMX mai kariya 120 Ω, na'urorin daisy‑ sarkar (kauce wa tauraro topologies), ƙare na'urar ta ƙarshe tare da 120 Ω, da lakabin sararin samaniya da adireshi. eldoLED's Yadda ake waya da tsarin DMX babban abokin filin ne, da ESTA/USITT DMX512- Fihirisar takaddun da aka buga yana taimakawa don tabbatar da ma'auni.
Sanya masu sarrafawa da masu rarrabawa a cikin ma'ajin da aka ƙididdige IP, yi amfani da haɗe-haɗe-halayen yanayi, ƙara keɓewa ko masu maimaitawa lokacin da kuka kusanci tsayin gudu ko iyaka, da gwada amincin sigina kafin ku rufe kwalaye. Yana da daraja maimaita: daisy- sarkar, kar a tauraro.
Ya zama gama gari don kunna/kashewa ko dimming ta hanyar photocell ko jadawalin taurari da tasirin launi ta hanyar DMX kawai lokacin da ake buƙata. Wannan rarrabuwa yana rage lokacin aiki na DMX kuma yana sauƙaƙa matsala.
Kulawar waje ta zama galibi game da aminci da dacewa. Mafi kyawun tsarin shine wanda har yanzu yana aiki idan ana ruwan sama, Wi-Fi ɗin ku yana aiki, kuma ba ku buɗe ƙa'idar ba a cikin wata guda.
Idan dimmer na bangon da ke akwai da gudu na layin-voltage dole ne su tsaya, zaɓi na'urorin da aka ƙididdige su a sarari don yanke lokaci ko TRIAC dimming. Inda daidaituwa ta girgiza-ko kuna son ƙarin dimming da za a iya faɗi - matsar zuwa direbobi 0-10V wanda ƙaramin dimmer ko gada ke sarrafa shi.
Don aikace-aikace da sarrafa murya tare da fage da jadawali, Zigbee da Thread/Matter meshes zaɓi ne masu ƙarfi a waje saboda kuɗaɗe masu ƙarfin layi na iya maimaita sigina a farfajiyar gidan ku. Haɗin kai Standards Alliance's Rahoton Shekara-shekara na CSA 2023 ya fayyace yadda Zigbee da Matter yanayin yanayin yanayi.
Ci gaba da ƙididdige nodes a waje, tsara ɗaukar hoto (masu amfani da layin kan iyaka don Zare; masu maimaita wutar lantarki don Zigbee), kuma rage dogaro ga Wi-Fi don ƙididdige ƙididdiga masu yawa.
Jadawalin sararin samaniya mai sauƙi na iya zama duk abin da kuke buƙata don kunnawa / kashewa. Ƙara photocell lokacin da murfin gajimare ko inuwar gini kusa da ke sa hasken yanayi maras tabbas. Yi amfani da motsi na PIR ko microwave don saukar da hasken wuta a ƙarshen dare kuma tashi sama lokacin da wani ya kusanci.
Tsarin shimfidar ƙasa mara ƙarfi yana gafartawa ta wasu hanyoyi da rashin gafartawa a wasu. Sashin sarrafawa yana da sauƙi; bayanan shigarwar filin shine abin da zai yanke shawarar ko ya tsaya a waje.
12/24V shimfidar wuri yana gudana da ɗigon LED kusan koyaushe suna amfani da masu kula da PWM ko direbobi. PWM yana saita haske ta canza zagayowar aiki, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ya dace da yanayin tsiri da tafiyar DC.
Masu kula da gida a cikin akwatunan da aka ƙididdige IP tare da glandan igiyoyi masu tsafta, suna kiyaye ƙarancin wutar lantarki mai tsabta, da kiyaye tsaga-tsatse da masu haɗin kai daga tsayawar ruwa.
Masu ƙira sukan fi son PWM mai girma-girma don rage abubuwan da ake iya gani da harhada kamara. Saboda jagorar mitar ta bambanta da na'ura, gwada tare da mitar flicker (misali, Pst LM ko kashi flicker) kafin yin saiti a fadin rukunin yanar gizon.
Shafukan ƙa'idodi da yawa sun zama al'ada lokacin da kowane yanki yana da buƙatu daban-daban. Dabarar ita ce kiyaye iyakokin mallaka a sarari: tsarin ɗaya yakamata koyaushe ya kasance yana da alhakin hasken tsaro na asali, kuma 'sakamakon' ya kamata a shimfiɗa shi a sama.
Yi amfani da DALI-2 ko D4i don tituna da hanyoyi, da DMX512-A don facade. Ci gaba da bambanta cabling da daidaita jadawalin don haka hasken asali ya zama mai zaman kansa daga tsarin tasiri.
A cikin babban kuri'a, zaku iya haɗa kayan haɗin gwiwa akan masu sarrafa 0-10V kuma kuyi amfani da gadar sarrafa hasken wuta ta hanyar sadarwa don tsara yankuna da tattara manyan na'urori. Wannan yana kiyaye kayan aiki mai sauƙi yayin da yake ƙara gudanarwa ta tsakiya.
A cikin yadudduka na zama, kiyaye ƙananan ƙarfin wutar lantarki PWM don tsiri amma ƙara gada Zigbee ko Thread/Matter don fage da sarrafawa mai nisa, sanya masu maimaituwa inda kuke buƙatar ɗaukar hoto.
Tunani kaɗan ya ceci manyan nadi. Yi amfani da wannan azaman na yau da kullun na yau da kullun za ku iya mika wa duk wanda ya ƙaddamar da rukunin yanar gizon.
Don DALI, adiresoshin riga-kafi ta sandar sanda ko yanki da alamar akwatunan mahaɗa tare da ɓangaren bas da ID ɗin kumburi. Don DMX, rubuta sararin samaniya da fara adireshi a kowane shinge.
A kan DALI, duba wutar lantarki da juriya na bas. A kan DMX, tabbatar da ci gaban sarkar daisy-da kuma ƙarewar 120 Ω a na'urar ta ƙarshe. A kan 0-10V, auna ƙarfin lantarki a mafi nisa don tabbatar da ƙaramin matakin yana aiki kamar yadda aka zata.
Saita ƙofofin photocell da ɓangarorin taurari, sannan shirya ragi bayan sa'o'i don saduwa da bugu na IECC ko ASHRAE da aka ɗauka. Ajiye rajistan kwamishinoni don dubawa, yin nuni ga ASHRAE's Canje-canjen haske a cikin ASHRAE/IES 90.1-2022.
Tabbatar da an shigar da SPDs zuwa ƙayyadaddun bayanai kuma haɗin kai da ƙasa suna bin jagorar OEM direba. Bayanin Signify's SPD shine kyakkyawan ma'auni don ƙimar ƙimar waje.
Fara da iko (masu karya, masu tuntuɓar juna, jadawalin taurari). Sannan duba layin sarrafawa (DALI scan and addressing, DMX termination and universe routing, ko 0-10V iko ƙarfin lantarki a wurin daidaitawa). A ƙarshe, bincika mahallin (shigarwa da ɗanshi, masu haɗin da suka lalace, abubuwan kariya masu ɓarna).
Gyaran filin ajiye motoci na kasuwanci. Manufar: rage kiran kulawa da kuzari bayan tsakar dare. Hanya: musanya zuwa masu haskakawa tare da direbobin D4i, ƙara ANSI C136.41 receptacles, da dacewa da nodes na cibiyar sadarwa waɗanda ke fallasa makamashi da matsayi na kowane lokaci. Shirye-shiryen jadawali na sararin samaniya tare da matakai na tushen motsi bayan sa'o'in kasuwanci. Sakamako: Tsare-tsare mai tsafta (gargadin direba yana gudana zuwa kan gaba), tanadin awoyi bayan sa'o'i mai iya aunawa, da warware matsalar lokacin dare mai sauƙi.
Hotel facade da plaza. Manufar: jigogi launi na yamma tare da amintattun tushe. Hanya: kiyaye hasken yanar gizo akan jadawalin photocell +, sannan ƙara DMX512-Universe don wankin facade da nodes na lafazin. Waya tare da kebul mai kariya 120 Ω a cikin sarƙoƙin daisy- sarƙoƙi, ƙare daidai, da keɓe dogon gudu tare da masu maimaitawa. Sakamako: Tasirin ya kasance mai kintsattse ba tare da lalata hasken aminci na tushe ba.
Bayan gida pool da lambu. Manufar: abubuwan da ke sarrafa app tare da mafi ƙarancin sakewa. Hanya: ci gaba da dimmer na bangon TR IAC na ɗimbin ƙaramin baranda (ƙididdigar direba), yi amfani da ragamar Zigbee ko Zaren / Matter don fitulun hanya da ratsi (Masu kula da PWM a cikin akwatunan IP), kuma ƙara kumburi mai ƙarfi guda ɗaya a waje kusa da shinge don inganta ɗaukar hoto. Sakamako: al'amuran da masu ƙididdigewa suna aiki da dogaro a fadin tsakar gida tare da sarrafa murya, kuma kulawa yana iyakance ga binciken shingen mai sarrafawa lokaci-lokaci.
Ƙarfin DALI‑2/D4i da kuma ''smart-ready'' an taƙaita manufar daidaitawa a cikin jagorar ƙayyadaddun bayanai na DALI Alliance: DALI a kallo.
Don mafi kyawun ayyuka na wiring DMX da ƙa'idodin topology, duba jagorar eldoLED: Yadda ake waya da tsarin DMX da ma'anar ESTA/USITT: DMX512-Takardun da aka buga.
Don mahallin karɓar ANSI C136.41, takaddar bayanan Haɗin TE ya ƙunshi tsammanin injin / lantarki: LUMAWISE Endurance N dimming receptacle.
Don littafin 18 a ƙarƙashin hasken haske, duba bayyani na Zhaga: Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa.
Don tsammanin SPD na waje da ƙima na yau da kullun, bitar bayanin Signify: Philips surge kariya na'urorin.
Don mahallin lamba akan sarrafawar waje, yi amfani da taƙaitaccen canje-canjen haske na ASHRE 90.1-2022: Canje-canjen haske a cikin ASHRAE/IES 90.1-2022 da DOE's IECC 2021 nunin faifai na kasuwanci: IECC 2021 buƙatun tanadin kasuwanci.
Don meshes na zama da mahallin muhalli, rahoton CSA 2023 ya taɓa Zigbee da Matter: Rahoton Shekara-shekara na Haɗin kai 2023.
Yi tunanin 'masu sarrafa hasken waje' a matsayin akwatin kayan aiki. Yi amfani da DALI‑2/D4i lokacin da kuke buƙatar na'urar tashoshi na kowane lokaci da maimaita aikin kulawa. Isa DMX512-A lokacin da taƙaitaccen bayanin launi da tasiri. Rike 0-10V don sauƙaƙan yanki da sake gyarawa; kawo lokaci-yanke/TRIAC kawai lokacin da aka ƙididdige direbobi kuma sake kunnawa ba zai yiwu ba. Ga masu gida, Zigbee ko Thread/Matter meshes suna yin fage da kuma sarrafa nesa mai amfani-muddun ƙulli da shinge suna shirye da gaske a waje. Mafi yawan duka, mutunta bayanan waje: rufewar IP, SPDs, tsaftataccen wayoyi, da cikakken ƙaddamarwa. Abin da ke sa fitilu ke kunnawa da kashe ciwon kai.
